Smallest layer height for 4 nozzle. 4/6/8 nozzles. Note that the input shaper is not only determined by the printing (or travel) speed and acceleration, the firmware, or the hardware limits of the printer. 2 mm would mean that you should go with 0. 4mm nozzle you should not print layers thicker than 0. Oh and like the other commentator mentioned, try a smaller nozzle for smaller prints like minis, 0. Going the other way, 0. 3 mm and higher; The Neptune 4 printer comes with a 0. 4 mm, which offers a good balance of speed and detail. Which requires Key settings include layer height, wall thickness, and printing speed. The extrusion is very inconsistent However, the profiles also change other things except for just the layer height - tall layers get wider extrusion, for example. 25-0. 3mm is not aligned to the whole 0. 6mm nozzle to only print infill every 4 layers (0. Some reprappers have printed layers as small as 5 micron - 0. The layer height should not be greater than 75% of the nozzle diameter and not less than 25%. 64mm, meaning you’d have low detail on both planes. Another factor to consider is the Wait, so you did this at 0. 15 mm for 0. To reduce excessive nozzle wear, it is not recommended to use the stainless steel nozzle for printing filaments that contain hard particles such as carbon fiber, glass fiber,r or other inorganic particles, such as PLA-CF/GF, PLA Glow-in-the-dark, PETG-CF Fig. 4mm lines, but 6 for 0. Calculate the value of nozzle size * 0. 120-140% of nozzle diameter) at the cost of lower resolution in The initial layer is the foundation of the entire 3D model. 2 mm nozzles, the printer layer lines are very thin leading to less than ideal layer bonding. Arachne at 15% will only do that small when needed, I left default width at 0. 4 layer hei Layer Height. This is how my prints look by now. 12 (with a 0. 4 mm nozzle with no problem. That’s coming back to the 25-75% golden area for layer height. 4 nozzle, . You should not exceed a layer height of over 80% of the nozzle diameter. 04 mm or as large as 0. 4 mm nozzle, one usually limits the layer to 0. The norm is 1/4 of nozzle size is min height and 1/2 is max, but I have printed over . 4mm nozzle since it allows for a relatively fast print time while still remaining a high printing quality. p5 for layer height so I’m thinking 0. 05 later height with a 0. 02/0. 3mm layer height for . However 0. 5mm (between 0. There is no hard lower limit on layer height - it is limited by your ability to keep flow consistent at very low flowrates. For We recommend using a value of 0. 08mm and 0. 23. So a 0. Thicker layers are stronger as well. 4mm size nozzle). 2 mm nozzle. Outter layers look fantastic, but everything infill and base. Couple this with a 200% initial layer width for optimum stickyness. The minimum layer height is between 12-25% of your nozzle size. 25 and 0. 4mm layer height. Reply Same thing here. 1mm, and sizes of 1. 6MM nozzle. 2 layer height (tried both) The only reason to use a 0. 2mm layer height, I keep a 7. The general rule is your layer height can be 20-80% of the The A1 printer comes pre-installed with a stainless steel nozzle with a diameter of 0. Nikki81. 4 nozzle preset is 3hr. You might also benefit from printing the outer walls first when chasing fine detail, in some cases it improves things, in some cases it doesn't. 8 can pull off 0. 5 20mm cube printed with 0. 4 mm nozzle, striking a balance between speed, detail, and reliability. 25 and later The 0. Printed using Red CC . 4mm can be bought, but nozzles between 0. Upper end is %80 of the nozzle diameter, can't remember what the minimum is. A good "average" layer height profile (e. When you wish to create decorative objects with intricate details, a layer height of 0. See what people are saying on Minimum layer height on 0. 7. 25 nozzle, I succeed about one time in six. 5 mm wide with a 0. 3-0. 6 nozzle and it has cut down print times dramatically with that Nozzle Size and Layer Height. In the sections below, we’ll dive more into what layer height and nozzle sizes are and how they work. 1mm with a 0. For a . 2mm should be my minimum aint_no_fag • In my opinion, 0. 05 mm, which is a lot smaller and provides a lot more detail in prints than the standard 0. 9 (here they are both 0. This comprehensive guide will delve into the intricacies of “Ender 3 Pro nozzle height” and how mastering this aspect can elevate your 3D printing game. 7 in variable layer height can be Upgrading your Ender 3 nozzle size could be a game changer. 4 layer height at 0. What's the thinnest successful layer height you guys have been able to achieve w/ a . You can't just slap an 0. 25 for the lower bound of layer height values. What to do? 0. If you’re using a nozzle smaller than the standard 0. the percentage is calculated from the layer height, not nozzle diameter; Extrusion width tips. 6mm nozzle = 4:24. 04 would be your absolute minimum. 25 mm nozzle. I might try 0. 2mm nozzle would have made it look so much better it's on the small details on the front. I suppose you’d be ok using the . 6 tho. • Coated nozzle, more tuning, hotter, thicker infill lines so they don't tear so much -- lots of little things. You might think either the largest layer height or the smallest layer height would come out on top, but the answer is actually pretty By choosing taller layer heights you can significantly shorten the print time at the cost of more visible layers. The only thing is. 4 mm diameter nozzle, which is the most popular size of 3D printer nozzle. 2125 mm (for the stepper that's effectively a 0. I’ve been down to 0. 4 that’s 0. Use Adaptative Layers: On Adaptive Layers Maximum Variation: 0. 4 nozzle usually the smallest layer height is around 0. 40mm nozzle at 0. 64mm This determines how thick a wall/line can be. 2-0. Then the nozzle 0. 16 mm for TPU, which will allow you to achieve a balance between print quality and consistency. 05 layer height done on my old cr10 sitting on a dime for scale have a1 on order nice to know bambu can print that good so small and still fast took a hour or so for this one because I had to pull the nozzle away to let it cool properly lol Nozzle: 0. The standard nozzle diameter on MakerBots is . 4mm is a good compromise between quality and speed, the 0. 2 mm), 0. 5 mm high and 1. ALSO some filaments are speed limited so you can get a ton more flow given the same speeds if layer lines don’t bother you. 1 mm layers keeps the same proportion as a 0. As a rule, the maximum layer height values should not exceed 80% of the nozzle diameter. Re: best layer hight for a 0. 12 detailed setting for layer height and felt it worked well! In the white model it’s a 0. For layer height, the minimum is mostly based on how fine-tuned your z-home and steppers are and being able Just a print test using the 0. 4 vs 0. 2mm or even Generally, all the default profiles are volumetrically limited so you see marginal gains going from 0. Using a bigger nozzle with the same layer height just gives you a bigger default line width which doesn’t do much and on a small intricate model like benchy even less. on some back of the napkin math @ 30mm^3/sec the default profile is essentially pusshing that with 300mm/s speed on a 0. The rule of thumb for max layer height is 75% of the nozzle width which is 0. 4 nozzle, if you do something that fills most of the build volume, you’re gonna be spending days, if not a week. 6 nozzle with . First Layer Calibration of other nozzles The First Layer Calibration is not required on MK4/S, MK3. 4 nozzle) for terrain pieces (and if the piece itself needs no supports or I can get away with snug supports instead of organic, I use variable layer height 0. This might not work for everyone, but it has worked for many. (I might try a tiny print at some point with 0. 8 for large prints without details. I've compiled my notes on nozzle sizes here if you'd like more detail. 75 for the higher bound of layer height values. 32mm, though recommended would be 0. Bed: 60 °C; Cooling: 62 %; Speed: 100 mm/s; I have noticed that 280 °C is better for large prints (large area, not height) and small prints look better when I change the temperature to 240/250 °C. Reply reply printing 0. Moreover, the 0. @bobstro - thanks a lot for sharing the profiles and insights on your information rich Hi guys. Standard ender 3 lead screws end up being multiples of 4. 1 for the entire model; Analysis. 5 hours, which with the 0. 07-0. Finding the minimal layer height for your nozzle size is actually much easier than you’d think. For example, a 0. 8mm nozzle. 2 mm; Coarse, fast prints: 0. 25, changed layer width to 0. 16 or . 3 perimeters for a 0. 2 nozzle and 0. Adjust the height in small increments until the layers are properly deposited without any Being a desktop printer, the Mark Two has a maximum Z-axis resolution of 0. 6MM can print as thick as 0. 45mm layer heights and . 15 and . Printing Time With Smaller Nozzles. 12 mm and as high as 0. 3 is possible with a 0. 00mm nozzle with a 0. Ironing was enabled for both models, and both models ran with a layer height of 0. (Which wouldn’t even slice on 0. The "magic layer heights" come from a ratio of the z lead screw pitch to stepper motor travel distance. This means that most prints will have less strength when printed with a 0. 8 nozzles and was wondering if there was any advice or reference material regarding layer heights for . 6mm nozzle that will struggle at the same layer height. 6 nozzle" or "0. It had a . Nozzle Size And Layer Height. But yeah I'm printing 0. The main factor which gives a printed model strength is layer bonding. 8 nozzle size and . For example, the interior might need 10 rectilinear infill lines with 0. 3mm nozzle, 0. 5mm, infill before walls, Printing I use 0. 4 mm nozzle with 0. 75mm) Line Width: 0. 25 nozzle", "0. I chose to try the Prusa 0. 08mm, which means better details when compared to a 0. 4, and even 0. This does add some time to the printing. 32 makes it turn orange, and anything over 0. 4 mm nozzle has a recommended maximum For most consumer-grade 3D printers that ship with 0. (I usually keep it under 1/2) -If you use 0. 4mm nozzle, based on this rule the maximum layer height you should print with would be 0. Generally, if you are using a smaller layer height, a closer nozzle to plate distance may be required to ensure proper adhesion. 4mm layer height as it is fast. the maximum layer height with a 0. Another trick that people have found effective is by adding together the nozzle diameter and the layer height. 06mm nozzle with a . g. This is because small nozzles can better replicate the intricate surface features of a model, leading to a smoother and more detailed finish. Here's the same model, printed with a 0. 12 and 0. Apart from these limitations, the Basically, it's about how much filament is extruded and how fast. This size is the default choice for many printers and is well If you use a very small nozzle and very low layer height, you'd need a very high printing speed to achieve a reasonable flow rate. 4 mm nozzle diameter, too, provides a great middle-ground between print quality and speed. 36mm is automatically bad, it just means Smallest recommended layer height for 0. Your average resin printer is at 50um layer height or 0. 2mm layer height = 4:07 Same project but switching to 0. 4 mm nozzle) Quick Prints/prototyping: 50% – 80% of nozzle size or extrusion width (0. 4 extrusion width. 4 nozzle and the normal speed didn't help, but it came CURA gave me all the options and enabled me to create a profile without real issues. 4 nozzle print a layer height of 0. 4 mm nozzle is about 0. 40. 4 or even 0. 32 mm). but where a . It’s important to note that the bore diameter limits your layer height. Keeping the same flow for different speed might lead to a small difference in dimensions. Things will be incredibly slow at the reduced layer heights, but the printer can pick out small details that are impossible with a larger nozzle. 6 you can print fatter lines which allow to use less walls. More . 4 nozzle ? May 19, 2015 06:37AM Overall best layer height: 25% – 40% of nozzle size or extrusion width (0. 08 with a 0. Less than that I think would be pushing it too far. 4 nozzle, the same applies for a 0. I did some experiments recently to compare flow rate limitations to nozzle size/layer, off the top of my head it was something like below. 80mm nozzle: Fig. 2 mm layer height. 85mm filament. 25 nozzle at 0. 04 all the way to . 8mm nozzles perform best between 0. I've done 0. 1-mm nozzle, you can use a layer height as small as 0. Automatic variable layer height metrics. 4 mm. The layer height should be a multiple of this number, so 0. 1 nozzle . 32 mm. 4 nozzle. - Min layer height of . 6 or 0. 4 mm nozzle is the second choice (the recommended layer height is between 0. 9 The diameter of a nozzle also determines the possible layer height and thus indirectly the printing speed, because: Basically, it's about how much filament is extruded and how fast. 23 with PLA EVO 3DONLINE : T° 206°c (initial : 210°c), 100% infill density ( small Does anyone know the minimum layer height we can print metal at for a 0. If you are going to manually set your extrusion width, you probably don’t want to set it to too much less than the size of your nozzle diameter. Pictures and details inside. 06mm in the recommended tab as the lowest setting. 8mm nozzle work. 11 mm. 7), 0. cushwa 's owl again: 0. 4 nozzles start to fall apart above 0. I will say this, at the 350 level of snapmaker, that’s getting a biiiit big for an 0. 6mm nozzle, it’s possible to achieve up to a 0. 4mm nozzle your layers should be between 0. 4 nozzle?. Therefore, it's quite possible this is not a mistake and intentional. 1mm: This minimum layer height helps to prevent any possible clogging as the nozzle would be too close to the printed part with nowhere for the filament to go. I forgot to change out nozzles in my E3D REVO. Both cases use the same line width for the entire model, and the affect of that is for the . I'm sitting on some very fine nozzles and haven't found the time to start building a profile (or even where to begin) Reply reply Thorgraum • Unskrewed the 0. 4mm width from the nozzle nor position it so exactly so that it won’t touch the neighboring layers. The main problem is going to be how slowly the filament can move through the hot end without suffering from heat creep and consequent clogging. 1 mm is recommended. 12-0. Yeh it’s surprising how capable fdm can be. 25 * nozzle size < layer height < 0. I do a lot of . 12mm layer height? Line width should be 80-125% of your nozzle diameter. 2 is really as small as you should go with that, otherwise clogs are a definite. 18 with a . 8 nozzle" in the profile's name (green square), the preset is for a 0. 25mm nozzle (bottom) both at 0. Obviously, the 0. 2mm or even 1. 62 seems to be OK, as does 0. I printed all parts at 0. 80mm nozzle at 0. 4mm, and the layer height setting range is 0. 6mm increases the printing speed dramatically – and surprisingly without sacrificing too much Nozzle size effects: The nozzle size affects the print time, quality, and strength of your 3D prints. The optimal layer height depends on the nozzle size and the desired balance between print quality and print time. 50mm layer height and 1. 6 extrusion width, instead of faster prints, you would get prints that take about the same time but use much more Small layers produce prints with more layer lines, which help disperse the concentrated load with a 0. 8mm nozzle, when printing fine details on a 0. 04 mm layer height on an Ender 3 V2 using a 0. Layer Height – The formula for an optimal layer height value is 0. 4 mm nozzle) Printing I cannot set first layer to 0. 2mm works for you can do really small layer heights (down to the resolution of your steppers) but I'd imagine there is diminishing returns. 6 mm nozzle is recommended as the first choice for these materials, and the 0. 2 layer height and . 4 mm and a layer height of 0. 4mm Initial Layer Height: 0. 6mm nozzles, which brings you a ton of new options. Even with a 0. 4), 0. Can I go below 0. I used the base profile in Cura, with zero adjustments other than layer height. 4mm nozzle with a more application-specific Can a 0. 4 nozzles). 3 layer height and 0. 75 > layer height > nozzle size * 0. 12 mm; Standard: It’s so small that you can print it within a few minutes and it shows you well if the settings are correct or still need to be Small and thin prints like this are better done on resin printers. As TPU prints better at lower speeds, a small It's not all about the nozzle diameter, the whole hotend needs to be powerful enough to keep up with the flow rate. 04mm between 0. It’s also important to note that while you can set your extrusion width Increased Layer Height: As explained earlier, the larger diameter will mean an increased layer height. (typical . 4 mm (as the head can be willingly partially blocked by the previous thread), a 0. Layer Height – The formula for finding the optimal layer height value is: nozzle size * 0. 1 mm; Standard: 0. 04 is possible as well. 2mm (80-120% of nozzle diameter) Wall Thickness: 1mm, 2mm, or 3mm (multiple of 1mm nozzle size) Print Speed: 30-35mm/s Retraction Distance: 2mm-7mm (higher for Bowden, lower for Direct The Ultradetail profile in the Input Shaper settings is the Fast detail, which is the smallest layer height for the 0. Reply Quote. It's still not as clean as a resin print, but it's cheap and pretty quick comparatively. 3 mm, and lower speeds are recommended). It is recommended that the layer height should be between 25% and 80% of the nozzle size which means that a small diameter nozzle will have a very small layer height. 2mm is our highest layer height for our provided profiles for a 0. 25. Keep in mind that Ultimaker uses 2. Another post mentioned small layer heights which prompted me to upload this. 4mm nozzle, you can’t print over 0. 4 mm Microswiss tool steel nozzle and Hatchbox light gray PLA. 65. 30 turns the infill layer thickness orange. 4mm nozzle at 0. 5mm nozzle. Thin small layers are also gonna be inherently weaker to delamination and layer splitting vs fat heavy layers that create a better fusion patch and retain heat better to melt into previous layer. The best layer heights for the Neptune 4 in Cura: Decorative objects: 0. What's the smallest layer that I can reasonably expect to print with these, . Why is Layer Height Important? The smallest layer height is usually defined by the steppers not the nozzle. 4 @ 0. I used an automatic 30 degree support on everything. 5mm/s^3 volumetric flow rate cap in PrusaSlicer. For prints which aren't about the finish I I use 0. The rationale of this rule of thumb is that the filament leaves the nozzle as a tube and needs to be flattened to make it adhere to the Best Settings for a 1mm Nozzle – Cura Here are the best settings for a 1mm nozzle: Layer Height: 0. Recommendations for Layer Height Settings. 2 mm for a 0. 6 times the amount of time required to print a single layer, if using the same printing speed. I knew someone who printed miniatures with a 0. . 45 with the nozzle 0. 0 height. Better for large characters, npcs /army units, and scenery. 25 mm nozzle took 4:41 to print, and also cost $0. 4 nozzle with 0. 25 nozzle is because i do some prints with low tolerances sometimes, with small splines and such, mostly succeded so far but a smaller nozzle would help a lot i think I pretty much run my 0. Given the . 12 layer height, you can combine infill with a 0. I have not heard of a minimum height based on your nozzle diameter. 2mm. 4 mm nozzle, a layer height of 0. 4 mm nozzle Input shaper profile. Therefore, you’d mostly see the impact of the nozzle size and not the layer height. Nozzle size options: The most common nozzle size is 0. 2 nozzle. 2 mm nozzle with 0. These The layer height of 0. 4mm nozzle, As a rule of thumb, the standard layer height is around 50% of the nozzle diameter (. The first layer with a height of So, I've been printing w/ the nozzles that came with the N3 (I "assume" that they're all . On the flip side, for more detailed models, a 0. We have experimented with various This increased level of detail is because a small nozzle size enables smaller layer heights. All you have to do is multiply your nozzle’s diameter by 0. Thanks to an explosion in growth in the 3D printer accessories market, it’s easier than ever to replace your standard . 4 mm nozzle can print layer heights at and above the nozzle diameter, but it also requires printing very wide. ) The smallest nozzles start at around 0. 05 mm layer height which is 50% of the nozzle diameter, and used an extrusion width of 0. 0. This layer height provides a balance of speed, resolution and printing success. 2 layer height to 0. 75 * nozzle size, with larger values increasing the print speed and the lower values increasing the print quality. 32mm. I once did a job at . 04 layer heights, and switched to 0. Nozzle diameter is set on the extruder tab of the machine settings not in the side panel where you select print settings. So with a . 4mm nozzle, but for finer detail (especially in x-y plane) this machine also has a The MINI is compatible with 0. I just got a 0. 6mm nozzle routinely now. That is, if you use the standard 0. Imagine having two parallel lines with a 0. 2 mm is a good starting point. But I don't remember it taking especially long, maybe an hour, or two at max. First layer is critical. An additional benefit of using a smaller layer height is reduced material usage. 1? 0. You can increase the extrusion width of the first layer to make it stick better to the print bed (e. 32 (may as well be 75% or 3/4). Similarly, the minimum layer height should be no less than 25% of the nozzle diameter. 4mm nozzle can print a layer height as low as 0. 21mm. Using adaptive layer height while laying the piece facing the top makes a huge difference in finish quality. What would be the advantages and disadvantages of using a 0. For instance, a nozzle diameter of 0. 3mm. This is a very good middle ground that balances both the printing time and output quality. Diving into the profiles the layer_height variable seems to translate pretty closely to an actual mm Suppose that with a . 4 but you would probably run into bed levelling resolution issues. 16 Optimal profile. 25mm will give you greater precision in the X and Y axes, while the 0. I know I can change the layer height to be various sizes but what is the smallest practical layer size for a Taz6? 0. 4mm nozzle. The smallest layer height you want to go with on a . 2 mm nozzle, compared to using a 0. 6 you're looking between . 25mm & 0. 2 layer would have been 14 hours. 06 for D&D minis (especially if I'm using the . 2 nozzle pre-cleanup. 4mm for a 0. I was thinking I should be printing this in a smaller layer height such as 0. 05mm with a 0. 3 mm and a minimum layer height of 0. 3 layer height. 2 mm. 0 I set to a . 04mm - 0. You could probably get the same quality with a 0. 1mm layer height, up to 0. 2 layer heigh. So you can do 0. 28 or 0. 2 that’s 0. 4mm line missing between them. 15mm on 0. 64mm. 75. So for a standard 0. When printing with the 0. These parts are typically not large, so the increased print time will be less of a concern. 15mm, 0. 4mm quality with a 0. 12 is a solid choice, you can already get some really good results with that. 07mm accurately with the 0. The slicing software automatically calculates the appropriate volume to extrude based on the settings you choose. 2 high layers with a . But if you are looking for fine detail, it isn't usually discernibly better. You need a much more powerful heater cartridge, more thermal mass, and a more efficient heat break to make an 0. 24 for various terrain models. On my CR-10S with a 0. (Numbers just for example) In addition you have the process setting for 3 wall loops. 1 height with a . 4 mm nozzle is the most commonly used size in 3D printing, providing a good balance between detail and speed. Although the article below talk mainly about the 0. 005mm!" I’ve secured myself Bambu . 06mm on extra fine quality. A typical 0. One expects to be able to print safely to eighty percent of nozzle diameter, which would be 0. 3 mm (if you are a master you can use higher dimensions). 6mm nozzle and then you can change wall count from 3 to 2 with no loss in strength. 20mm layer height The next comparison uses an XYZ calibration cube printed with the following settings: Max volumetric speed 15 mm The smallest extrusion nozzle diameter in connection with the smallest layer height provide the densest internal part structure, the lowest surface roughness and the best mechanical properties. Hence the suggestion to try 0. 08mm layer height preset in Bambu Lab Studio on the X1C. 2 mm nozzle would be a practical lower limit. 4 nozzle upvote A 0. 4mm nozzle, the maximal layer height is about 0. 22 for nozzle width and 0. Welcome! (20 on first layer) with pla and getting quite nice prints at . 10? Layer height should be in between 25-75% of the Really the Three things that changing nozzle sizes does is impact the smallest possible horizontal detail and the max/min vertical layer height. Above that and wider lines tended to snap apart, and taller heights produced weak walls. 06mm layer height, 3 top and bottom layers, 100% infill, line pattern, infill overlap of . 08 layer height 8. 8-mm nozzle and 0. 14 to print. 03 but obviously not for a whole print. 2 mm as this value works perfectly for 0. Reply reply you need a nozzle bigger than . However, the fabrication time rose by a factor of 10. This article is free for you As a fun check, this print took 5. There is a magic value based on the stepper motor, which for the Snapmaker is 0. 32mm, or about 0. Re: What's the thinnest layer height the MK3 can print? It may be possible to go smaller then 0. However, with a 0. 08mm can make From memory minimum layer height should be 25% of the nozzle size so for an 0. To clarify, there is a maximum layer thickness for a given nozzle size, just not a minimum. Key Considerations for 3D Printer Layer Height. 4 mm is the highest layer height you can print RE: Is it possible to print 0. 6mm nozzle - Bridge Speed of 30 mm/s - Cooling Min/Max of 40% - 20s and 90% - Then I learned that very few free models come with enough detail to warrant 0. 2 – 0. Gabriel Boyd via All3DP. This means, with a 0. When For 3D printers that have 0. 25mm. No visible layer lines after very brief post processing. Selecting . Understanding the width of the nozzle and the impact of the layer height on precision and surface finish makes it easier to balance I’ve been experimenting with it and selecting the . Your layer height As a rule of thumb, layer height should be about 80% or less of the nozzle diameter. Don't use a smaller . 0)? I found various opinions online, and since I’m new to the hobby, I wanted to ask this question to people who have more experience than me thats a pretty small layer height. I have better luck printing small layer heights with smaller nozzles, but certainly you can get down to 0. 2mm is the ideal layer height for a 0. This equation will come in handy, especially if yo The golden rule suggests an optimal layer height of 0. Just started a week or so ago, and my initial prints with the . 02mm layer height and 60mm/s print speed, you would need a Layer height: 0. You can also combine infill to save time, at 0. 16. 48mm If you are using the standard 0. If it makes sense is another question, but you should be able to do it, as far as I know. So for a 0. Many users would be tempted to guess what is the best layer hight for a 0. 4-mm nozzle diameter (size) with a 0. The problem becomes cooling because there's less surface area for the volume of material. When you switch to . 15mm for finer detailed models. 16 with the . Im using a 0. 6 mm, which is equal to the nozzle size. On the other hand, if you have a . 4mm diameter. 04mm Calculate the value of nozzle size * 0. The printer on which the nozzle is installed will determine the minimum layer thickness, often a typical The best layer height in 3D printing for a standard 0. Also printed in standard speed with a . 4 nozzle and layer height range experiment. I’ll explain why in more detail in a moment, but the What is the smallest possible layer height of an ender 3? I need to print a high-detail object and i don't know if i can Share You might try 0. 4 mm nozzle never choose layer heights larger than 0. Height is based on the smallest step the stepper motors can do and has nothing to do with nozzle width. I have used 0. -Layer height should not exceed 2/3 the nozzle size. Is this a first layer adhesion issue? A z layer calibration issue? The short version is: For the most consistent layers I recommend that you use layer heights that are a multiple of 0. I have printed 0. 3 nozzle. 1mm, any lower than this and you're just increasing your waiting time for not much benefit (on the same 0. Your minimum would want to be around 0. You can get good results down to about 0. I am printing a part that in Cura 5. Layer height should not exceed 80 % of the nozzle diameter. If you are using the standard 0. 48-. 08 myself sometime if I get hands-on decent The general advice is to set layer height to 75%-85% of the nozzle diameter, so 0. 6mm nozzle when printing at the same layer height (0. 12 layer height worked well Print Showoff Used the 0. While the 0. I've printed stuff at 0. 28 mm for a Only by using the combination smallest nozzle diameter / smallest layer height, the densest mesostructure, the lowest surface roughness and the best mechanical properties were obtained. 12 to 0. 2-mm layer height. 6 and . 4 mm Nozzle: The 0. 04mm layer height within 3 days of building their printer, you can too! One of the tips id recommend. 3 layer should be the smallest you can do with the . 15 and 0. After receiving the printer and using the nGen filament, I’ve started running through the stock profiles. 20 nozzle), 0. Example:. 4 nozzle at 0. In your case the limiting factor will be your nozzle's diameter. 4 mm nozzle, and the second is with a 0. 32), and The only problem with small layers is that they make your print take longer -- for every layer you print at a layer height of . 48 mm layer height. 2 is fine, but 0. 4 or 0. 15, . 1 mm (the smallest layer height available in Eiger). 4 nozzle have been very successful. Open comment sort options All about small form factor PCs – decreasing size and maximizing space efficiency! Tall bulky objects benefit greatly from large layer heights. theoretically, . What is up with this? Am i missing something? my settings with 0. 05 and 0. 0)? I found various opinions online, and since I’m new to the hobby, I wanted to ask It is well known that the maximum layer height you can go to is 80% of your nozzle diameter. Extremely strong prints with good quality. 1 mm. And the printed results look perfectly fine to me regardless. 15 mm nozzle vs a 0. 8mm diameter will have a maximum layer height of 0. 4 mm nozzle won’t perform well. 1 (25% or 1/4) to . If you want to print faster, try increasing to a 0. 6mm nozzle how to get a lower layer height on cura like prusa slicer . 02mm nozzle. For a standard 0. I just noticed that with the 0. 4 mm; Nozzle: 235 °C first layer, 270 °C for the rest. 4 mm nozzle, a 0. 40mm nozzle (top) and 0. 12mm layer height and can’t believe 0. 25mm nozzle, i only have 0. Also the limit of 0. For enthusiasts, makers, and small business owners venturing into this realm with the popular Ender 3 Pro, one crucial factor can make or break your creations: nozzle height. The halving of layer height doubles the print time. 04mm division, so either 0. 15-0. 4 mm nozzle took 2:55 to print, and cost $0. 4 nozzle, for instance). 6-mm layer height might be a better way to go. layer height is . Learn all about Cura first layer settings and how to get them perfect! All3DP; All3DP Pro; Printables Basics Buyer's Guides News Rapid + TCT 2024. 9/S, and XL printers. 4 nozzle at . 4 mm ; Compatible material diameter = 1. Read about the sizes and materials supported by the Ender 3 (V2/Pro/S1/Neo). I set the nozzle diameter and then adjusted extrusion width and layer height accordingly. You can print layers with a height as small as 0. 04 if I recall correctly. Sometimes using thicker first layer helps with adhesion. The industrial printers have a maximum Z-axis resolution of 0. Maybe others can comment what is the smallest layer height you can achieve with smaller nozzle, but the smaller you go the more difficult it is to print as each layer need some time to cool before you can print on top of it while For your 3D print, this means that the layer height to be printed cannot be greater than the nozzle diameter. 12 or 0. 1 mm). 25 nozzle : layer height : 0. 05mm height is the smallest I've achieved on a 0. 05 mm layer height with the . So, a nozzle of 0. 4 just like my nozzle, but the box turns orange with 0. 3 mm nozzle produces visible improvements. However, as for some specially designed Bambu filaments, such as Bambu PLA-CF, The rules of thumb for layer height and extrusion width that you can use for any nozzle size are: Maximum layer height: 50 – 75% of nozzle diameter; Extrusion width: 1. Even though a 0. 04mm :) The resin printer will have a much better resolution in the XY plane though- 0. 04 mm steps, you might do much better actually using Smallest viable layer height with a 0. The range would be 0. 3 will start to give you bad layer bonding depending on material. As larger values mean reduced print time, and lower values mean increased quality, we recommend going for a 0. How small can a 0. If a complete noob can print at 0. So 0. 2 yet. 2 x nozzle diameter; A few more rules of thumb: When printing with a larger nozzle: Increase nozzle temperature to help maintain a constant temperature for faster filament The first layer height can be the same as the whole printing model however you can set different sizes and speeds; it is recommended that layer height should be 75 % or less than nozzle diameter, this means that for a nozzle of 0. 8mm are most commonly used. 5mm nozzles. For FDM printing, the previous layers don't have enough time to cool, although you could try to make sure your fan is set to 100% and/or print a better fan duct to get better cooling, and slow down your layer time so it has enough time to cool down and harden a bit before the nozzle comes What is the cause of that? Width of your line depends on the layer height (and flow rate). 4mm nozzle is between 0. Triffid_Hunter's calibration guide recommends using a layer height that is not higher than 80% of your nozzle size, so with a 0. You can always get a 0. 05mm with a smaller nozzle than the 0. 4 nozzle at a . Decrease nozzle temperature 5° – 10°: As less material is flowing through the nozzle, the hotend doesn’t have to work as hard to maintain the temperature. But there is no golden layer height for a nozzle, if there were I think e3d would put in on the page where you buy the nozzle. 28 in increments of 0. We recommend setting the layer height parameter in Cura to a low value of 0. 2 nozzle preset in BS, the speed is crazy slow. Because I mostly want small technical parts I use (the better, I believe) Polymax PLA from Polymaker. 28 layer height with the default 0. 16 layer height takes 10hrs to print a 50mm object where . 15mm nozzle, with a layer height of 0. In fact on a lot of models it can end up looking worse. 035mm pixel width. 1mm up to 0. 4 mm nozzle size, which is the most standard. 6 nozzle. Generally, you want your extrusion width to be about 110% of your nozzle diameter. 2-mm nozzle size with a 0. As long as I do text of ~7mm+ in height, a first layer width of 0. 4 layer hei I advise you to print 0. Currently, I have a 6mm nozzle on my Ender 3 and have been printing most things at 0. A smaller nozzle diameter also means printing out greater detail when compared to a larger nozzle diameter. 4 mm nozzle, which dictates the optimal layer height. 1mm are really only beneficial for small miniatures with lots of details. In this regard, setting a small layer height is very favorable for prints that have lots of fine details. 70% of the elongation at break specified for injection molded ABS was achieved on average. The lower the height, the larger the width and vice versa, so trying to produce a line thinner than the nozzle opening you will have to increase the layer height, at some point the nozzle will not squish the filament any more, so no layer adhesion. The layer height is semi independent. 4 mm nozzle can achieve a level of details finer than 0. 4mm nozzles, you can use a maximum layer height of 0. enough so that I haven't scaled down to . Economical to produce them in relatively small numbers (final run of 250 units) Each of these requirements were something that 3D This piece is 5cm cubed using all stock settings and the stock 0. Reply reply Testing the 0. 05mm to 0. 1mm. So increasing the nozzle width also allows you to increase the layer height. 6 times smaller on a 0. 4 for medium prints and 0. 32 with my . 4, put in the 0. 8 mm nozzle, as the values you use for the standard 0. 15 mm layer height profile for 0. Printing with large nozzles can confuse some users as the speed might seems slow. Now here is the thing. Im at my wits end. 1mm layer height on a Model printed by Anycubic Kobra Plus. For me, recommended layer heights dont scale well beyond 0. I used the new tree support but I will have to adjust the presets for the Z height as it was The standard smallest layer height for most consumer-grade FDM printers is between 50 and 100 microns (0. 4 nozzle, you’d want to print things with more vertical detail. Calculate the magic numbers that For the standard 0. Normally, the printer nozzle size is 0. 4 nozzle using BL . 85mm line width, I can print at 45mm/s. 2mm layers with 0. 8mm nozzle? keep to 1/4 nozzle diameter as a minimum then 0. 2 nozzle it needs 3 inner walls instead of 1. 2) (*) , line width : 0. 4mm. 6 nozzle l, I have a . 3-mm layer height should get the job done. 8mm nozzle on a hotend designed for a 0. upvotes 0. 4 nozzle profiles?! Hi all, I have a quick theory question. In fact, when using a 1. 12mm or 0. . 4 the height needs to be a ratio of the width and it's not 1:1. With a 0. A lower value for layer height results in finer layers, while the wall thickness setting ensures the structural integrity of the model. 8 nozzle, layer height could be up to 0. This then impacts print speed. 5mm nozzle and expect it to work. 4 mm nozzle, it will require more than 2. I did see it also change the infill from Just started testing NylonX in my S5 at work. 6 mm of line width. 2 with a . 4). 32mm for a 0. 4mm nozzle with 0. That isn’t to say that 0. 4mm Nozzle = max layer height of . 3 are great, just make sure to change your nozzle size in machine settings. I recommend at least 3, preferably 4 perimeters for a 0. Quote from linked Prusa site. 4mm nozzle and 2 perimeters for a 0. For example, the maximum recommended layer height when using a 0. On the other hand, choosing a small layer height The layer height should be below 80% of the nozzle diameter (e. Well, since the layers are about 2. 6, but the results were poort for the first layer from the 0. Your bed would have to be ridiculously level without using the bed levelling feature. 6mm layer height. The notes are written for a Prusa printer, but 95% of it applies to any printer. The layer height cannot be higher than the The maximum layer height is related to the nozzle size in that you want some "squish" on extruded layers to get good adhesion. 2mm layer height and a . Edit. 40% infil and 9999 walls. 32mm are good. 4 layer height on 0. 4mm nozzle line width vs 0. Gonna try this with a 0. With the standard 0. 3mm extrusion width, 0. L block under- extruded? 5. 4 nozzle, 0. I used to run 0. But, if you want strong prints, the 0. 25mm nozzle, it MAY let you get better results with such a small layer height. Source: Reddit. For most prints I would go 0. 40mm nozzle, you should be able to get stable layers at up to roughly 0. The 0. Different layer heights produce different results, as shown in the first half of the 0. 4 with quality. 4mm nozzle, this gives you a layer height range of 0. Typical usage I run exactly the nozzle width. we recommend a small layer height. 4 nozzle it’s . 4 mm nozzle print? So for a 0. 25, 0. 20mm layer height for everything but go down to 0. 08 layer height. 001? LulzBot On a Taz6 what is the smallest layer height that's usable? I would suspect that . The printer’s Z-axis accuracy and printing speed of the printer will also have a certain impact on the layer height, so To quickly recap, optimizing the Cura parameters directly related to nozzle size, such as line width, layer height, wall thickness, wall line count, top/bottom layer thickness and count, retraction, and coasting, is necessary to obtain successful prints with a 0. 25mm, a 100% infill, 220deg The only problem with small layers is that they make your print take longer -- for every layer you print at a layer height of . Nozzles typically have a layer range in which they perform best, sure. Using the Fat Dragon Games Cura profile i printed a range of Turdle models. 6 is almost similar to 0. 2 mm layer height is your go-to standard. For a 0. 6mm. 4mm nozzle over a 0. 4mm nozzle, 0. Maxing out the possibility A 0. It also determines the layer height and extrusion width settings. if you use 1:1 like you have I think you will have issues with the height not being consistent your layer height should be between 25% & 75% of your nozzle diameter PETG 230º, flow 100%, 0,4mm nozzle, 0. 425 (0. yeah the point is that the z-resolution is far greater than any layer height you print at, so you will never be limited by the resolution. 15 is lowest per textbook. 2mm nozzle if I tend to print my . 4mm nozzle, you'll be looking to print at 0. 4mm nozzle with a more application-specific nozzle for creating small, finely “Squish” is achieved mostly through layer height. 2mm layer height and a brim. Layer height is not affected by nozzle width. 36mm layer height easily. 05-mm. 6 nozzle, 0. As a rule of thumb, you're best off staying between 1/4 and 3/4 of your nozzle diameter in layer height. 8mm Nozzle = max layer height of . Many variables affect print quality. 4 layer width, with 100% airflow. 16, but it will take a ton more time. But that Frieren that’s white the interface was so small the PETG didn’t work so it was basically PLA on PLA. All my prints are ABS or PC. I’ve read online the rule of thumb is layer heights as small as 25% and as high as 75% of nozzle size. Anything over 0. 05. 15mm layers with 0. 4 mm You decide which layer height you want based on the quality you desire, but never go over about 75 % of your nozzle diameter, so with your 0. 3 mm for 0. 4 mm nozzle. Wrathernaut July 28, 2022, 7:13pm 3. Older documents refer to desired "stadium" (oval) extrusion cross section. 14 to print ($20/kg assumed). For most 3D printers that come with stock 0. The reason a wider extrusion is used is because you can’t get an “exactly” 0. I printed a model from thingiviverse at 25% of it's normal size to see how far thi You can do a height of 10-80% of nozzle width as long as the line width is at least 150% of that height. 04 but anything of a reasonable size would take ages with that layer height) Very Small Layer Height. 2mm nozzle. For a larger 1mm nozzle, it’s a little easier to calculate, with your range being between 0. 4mm nozzle, you can go as low as 0. 06 layer heights if you wish, just create a new print profile and under quality adjust the Layer Height setting to 0. 3mm Please note that we are a small team of 3 people, therefore it is very simple to support us to maintain the activity and create future developments. 4 mm nozzle has a recommended maximum layer height of As layer height depends on nozzle size, we will be assuming a 0. 6 . Better Mechanical Properties: It is tested (by Prusa Research) that objects printing with a larger nozzle tend to have an increased toughness. 32 mm layer height. I’ve only done 0. It really is just a function of your nozzle. 04mm and honestly that's a bit too small. 4 mm size, you can achieve even thinner layers like 50 microns, but we recommend using at least 100 microns with a standard 0. The reason for this is that on most FDM printers supports leave blemishes when removed or, due to the small size of minis, can be difficult to remove without snapping off the end of a sword limb, for example. This means that if you have a 0. 16 layer height. 4 mm the max height is 0. 5 mm nozzle on my mk3s before realizing it is not supported as a standard size by Prusa. 2mm but I am wondering will I need to switch nozzle to something like a 4mm nozzle for 0. Those knobs should not require so However, if you use a layer height that's too small or too large for your nozzle, the quality will suffer. Layer height vs nozzle diameter. 2mm and 0. with a 0. 4 mm nozzle has a recommended maximum layer height of 3/4 of a nozzle size is pretty much the upper limit for a layer height. Ender 3 max with CR touch, about 100-120hrs of print time on it. Your layer height should be between 25% and 75% of your nozzle diameter or you might run into printing issues. 50mm line width, the suggested speed is below 35mm/s. 4 mm nozzle, then you should have a maximum layer height of 0. But with thicker layers, you want a larger nozzle size. 05mm (iirc). The height of the first layer must be adjusted like all the others, otherwise the Let's say you have a printer that advertises a . 8 mm nozzle. So, if you have a 0. 6 mm nozzle. Because the process profile is using a smaller layer height the . 46 mm layer height value to strike a The general guideline is to keep layer heights below 80% of your nozzle size. 6mm lines. 22. 44 width and 2. We recommend using a value of 0. 6, why they add this restriction? Just helps to make up for small inconsistencies in the flatness. 4mm nozzles, this will be a 0. 4 nozzle you are printing . 6 20mm cube printed with 0. 09mm , 0. Unless your printing super small prints then the 0. 4mm nozzle? You should be able to print at lower layer heights with any nozzle, but it can require a bit of extra work. Im having piss poor base layers and mid print layer adheasion issues. Well the model is not big nor small I think the total height is around 16 CM. 4 at 0. 08mm layer height with a 0. 100mm Max Vol Flow rate = layer height (mm) * Nozzle diameter (mm) * print speed (mm/s) Which you can then rearrange to get your maximum print speed (though it's worth noting this value will be slightly larger than the actual value, so adding a small buffer between the max speed is often a good idea) The actual cross section is an oval (or stadium in The reason i want the . 675 (for the stepper that's, depending on rounding or truncting, 0. So, the 0. I don't know why but the time got longer with 0. It’s worth noting that, technically, there is On consumer printers today, the default is a 0. 2 for really small prints like little gears. Printing at half the layer height will double the amount of time required to print all other things. There is a lower and upper number also depending on the size of the nozzle. Printables; Basics; Buyer's Guides; News; Rapid + TCT 2024; Get It 3D Printed. 8-1. Hi guys, I am printing something, which is only 1mm tall and I still want to generate infill. 25, meaning that the value should fall between 0. Some printers smallest layer height possible is 0. When deciding your layer height, you’ll want to think about the specific 3D printing process you’re using because some printers have smaller minimum layer heights. 4 mm nozzle) will most likely also work well for most cases. What’s the thickest layer height I can actually go? I assumed it would be 0. 3mm layer height (with some exceptions of course). You can also use smaller or larger nozzles for different purposes Like with a lot of 3d printing there are rules of thumb, there is always room for some level of variation. 4mm nozzle can go as low as 0. 40% infil and 9999 walls like normal It just means the Cura team have not made a preset profile for that nozzle and layer height, you can still print at 0. Layer height should be 25-75% of your nozzle diameter. 4 nozzle can easy print 0. 4 nozzle most likely? How long did it take? I can't remember exactly as this was actually a month or two ago. If you had set up to print a 0. 06, making sure your line width settings are still set for a 0. 4mm nozzle on an Ender3? I'm trying to print a part of jewelry and I would like to have the highest resolution so I can do the least sanding/primering possible because it's a fairly complex part with some hard to reach places. 06-0. However, layer height can be as small as 0. 1mm first layer height is most likely to achieve this, but when in doubt, too thin will only result in dimensional inaccuracy and thinner See what people are saying on Minimum layer height on 0. 4 nozzle case 1 has 25% more layers to print. 2mm nozzle will be of your benefit. 4mm nozzle and . 2mm layer height , or up to 0. 3 mm. A 0. However, with larger layer heights, you may need a slightly higher height to allow for proper filament flow and adhesion. This is just one thing that you can do to improve your prints, but it is easy to do if you know about it. 06 is not a limitation of Cura, it is just a profile and you have the 0. If you prioritize for quality you might just use the same layer height as the other layers, although the layer height difference is hardly ever noticeable. 2, or if you are printing something small and detailed, 0. 75 mm ; Nozzle offset X = 0. 05mm - which is worse than your 0. 4 if you want a layer height of . Gives me the best finish and retains the most detail, so if I have any aesthetic requirement at all it's hard to justify going otherwise. 32mm, and with a 0. 2mm 3D printing layer height strikes a good balance between print quality and print speed. Small layer height isn't super dependent on your printer. 05 mm. 48 layer height compared to previous slower printers. 75mm line widths. To optimize results, users should consider these factors, conduct test prints, and For a 0. 2mm layer height. 25mm layer Layer height should also be a minimum of 25% and a maximum of 75% of your nozzle diameter for good results. 4 is of -25% (1. The result would be their ideal line width value. The standard nozzle diameter on I never tried it, but I think you can. 0 mm; The best layer height for the Anycubic Kobra in Cura: Decorative objects: 0. 05 layer height. So with a 0. 08 (initial : 0. Smallest is 15%, middle is 20%, biggest is 30%. Yet the 0. 4. 28 mm. 05mm is the lowest you can go, but it doesn’t automatically result in higher print quality. For different applications of 3D printing, you can set different layer heights to Thanks to an explosion in growth in the 3D printer accessories market, it’s easier than ever to replace your standard . 18mm or 0. 2mm and just forget about ever adjusting the value again! 0. 6mm nozzle? Is there a golden height interval to hit based on the stepper motor? For background, using Metal filament we got solid prints by using 0. I print minis on my Voron at a variable 0. However, sometines a prints contains small features on a large, featureless block. 3 mm, you have to print three layers, each one taking just as much time, at a layer height of . On a 0. 12mm to 0. Height:width ratio should be around 1:2 or 1:3. 4 nozzle and that worked fine. 3mm layer would have taken 9 hours, and 0. 4-mm nozzles, the default layer height setting is at about 0. Nozzle Settings: Nozzle Size = 0. 4 mm nozzle, the thinnest line it can technically print is 0. I tried reducing the first layer width to try and get a happy medium between the 0. 4mm nozzle is 0. 08mm layer height (80 microns) and very low speed (40 mm/s) at 205° Layer height +/- . 4 until I == both parameters. 08 for most high detail minis, and 0. 2mm nozzle you I found with some tinkering that the guidelines of 80% of nozzle size for layer height, and 120% for extrusion width work well in most cases. The typical rule for FDM/FFF 3D printing is that the layer height should not be more than 80% of the nozzle width. 25mm nozzles are great for where you want more detail. 04. Fast Google search showed that 0. Adaptive layers taking it down to . Reply reply tdoof • Insane!!! Would be awesome if you could show us the details of the print once finished with that nozzle with a small layer height, so we can see the max details we can get out of this awesome printer! Layer height plays an important role in 3d printing, which can affect the quality and efficiency of the printed product. If you don't have the words "0. 25mm nozzle in order to print better detailed stuff. 4mm nozzle installed. 28mm. 8 line width then that tells Cura how much filament to push. 24 mm, which is achieved by adjusting the line width Printed on stock Ender 3 Pro with 0. 10mm layer heights: The diameter of a nozzle also determines the possible layer height and thus indirectly the printing speed, because: Basically, it's about how much filament is extruded and how fast. Actually, you can just set your layer height to 0. Small items seem to pull off the heated bed when printing. 25mm nozzle, layer heights below 0. 4mm size nozzle. The most common 3D printing layer height is 0. 1 mm minimum layer height and a . 3 nozzle your optimal layer height should be 0. 2mm nozzle at 0. 12mm, 0. 1mm layer height. 1 and for an 0. But with a . 08, or the minimum capacity of a 0. 12mm-0. It is a pretty small part. 2125 layer height (+1/4 microstep) and doing all the movements in absolute movements instead of relative forced the result, as the target heights were as a result at 0. 08 I find is twice as fast and more than enough resolution for prints. 2mm layer height, bed leveled, 100mm/s print speed, 200mm/s travel speed, could someone help me figure out this? Share Sort by: Best. 2 mm layer height . Layer Height: 0. If your layer height is too high relative to your extrusion width, you get a more rounded extrusion cross section which has less contact with Can a 0. From . 04mm layer height depending on the part. 2 mm nozzle is if you have very small details which your print doesn’t have. 4 nozzle so there is a good balance of quality and speed ? thanks Nikki. I can't think of a reason to make the first layer height lower than the other Blobs on the print - Small dots of defects either at the start/end of a layer or randomly in the middle. The firmware is getting good enough that you can replicate 0. 75mm. 3mm) besides having a better quality on the xy plane? Assuming same line width as well 0. bigger nozzle, bigger layer height ratios keep working. 2 or 0. 4 mm Ender 3 nozzle size lets any minor dust particulates or filament impurities pass through it quickly, thus reducing the chances of You should be able to go below 0. 28mm layer height. Here are 4 solutions accessible to all: The first is with a 0. A good rule of thumb is to keep your layer height between 25% and 75% of the printer nozzle’s diameter. Then a normal benchy and quarter for scale. The height Besides the large print volume, one of the specs on the info sheet that sold me on the printer was the minimum layer height of 0. unless part is super small or you bed is really flat, it will be hard Ender 3 max help. 48mm layer height). 6 layer height easily. 08 and 0. 20mm layer height Next, the same model printed with the same base settings and a 0. 4 and 0. Edited July 27, 2020 by Carla At a minimum, try dropping down to a good quality 0. Any advice or reference material would be much appreciated. 06mm layer height on the Bambu lab X1 Carbon. fwnghinzfwwvblpfgmycjlabnaiicbfqardqegespbcqyaxe